session-ios/SessionSnodeKit/OnionRequestAPI.swift

import CryptoSwift
import PromiseKit
import SessionUtilities

/// See the "Onion Requests" section of [The Session Whitepaper](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2002.04609.pdf) for more information.
public enum OnionRequestAPI {
    private static var pathFailureCount: [Path:UInt] = [:]
    private static var snodeFailureCount: [Snode:UInt] = [:]
    public static var guardSnodes: Set<Snode> = []
    public static var paths: [Path] = [] // Not a set to ensure we consistently show the same path to the user

    // MARK: Settings
    public static let maxFileSize = 10_000_000 // 10 MB
    /// The number of snodes (including the guard snode) in a path.
    private static let pathSize: UInt = 3
    /// The number of times a path can fail before it's replaced.
    private static let pathFailureThreshold: UInt = 3
    /// The number of times a snode can fail before it's replaced.
    private static let snodeFailureThreshold: UInt = 3
    /// The number of paths to maintain.
    public static let targetPathCount: UInt = 2

    /// The number of guard snodes required to maintain `targetPathCount` paths.
    private static var targetGuardSnodeCount: UInt { return targetPathCount } // One per path

    // MARK: Destination
    internal enum Destination {
        case snode(Snode)
        case server(host: String, x25519PublicKey: String)
    }

    // MARK: Error
    public enum Error : LocalizedError {
        case httpRequestFailedAtDestination(statusCode: UInt, json: JSON)
        case insufficientSnodes
        case invalidURL
        case missingSnodeVersion
        case snodePublicKeySetMissing
        case unsupportedSnodeVersion(String)

        public var errorDescription: String? {
            switch self {
            case .httpRequestFailedAtDestination(let statusCode, _): return "HTTP request failed at destination with status code: \(statusCode)."
            case .insufficientSnodes: return "Couldn't find enough snodes to build a path."
            case .invalidURL: return "Invalid URL"
            case .missingSnodeVersion: return "Missing snode version."
            case .snodePublicKeySetMissing: return "Missing snode public key set."
            case .unsupportedSnodeVersion(let version): return "Unsupported snode version: \(version)."
            }
        }
    }

    // MARK: Path
    public typealias Path = [Snode]

    // MARK: Onion Building Result
    private typealias OnionBuildingResult = (guardSnode: Snode, finalEncryptionResult: AESGCM.EncryptionResult, destinationSymmetricKey: Data)

    // MARK: Private API
    /// Tests the given snode. The returned promise errors out if the snode is faulty; the promise is fulfilled otherwise.
    private static func testSnode(_ snode: Snode) -> Promise<Void> {
        let (promise, seal) = Promise<Void>.pending()
        DispatchQueue.global(qos: .userInitiated).async {
            let url = "\(snode.address):\(snode.port)/get_stats/v1"
            let timeout: TimeInterval = 3 // Use a shorter timeout for testing
            HTTP.execute(.get, url, timeout: timeout).done2 { json in
                guard let version = json["version"] as? String else { return seal.reject(Error.missingSnodeVersion) }
                if version >= "2.0.7" {
                    seal.fulfill(())
                } else {
                    SNLog("Unsupported snode version: \(version).")
                    seal.reject(Error.unsupportedSnodeVersion(version))
                }
            }.catch2 { error in
                seal.reject(error)
            }
        }
        return promise
    }

    /// Finds `targetGuardSnodeCount` guard snodes to use for path building. The returned promise errors out with `Error.insufficientSnodes`
    /// if not enough (reliable) snodes are available.
    private static func getGuardSnodes(reusing reusableGuardSnodes: [Snode]) -> Promise<Set<Snode>> {
        if guardSnodes.count >= targetGuardSnodeCount {
            return Promise<Set<Snode>> { $0.fulfill(guardSnodes) }
        } else {
            SNLog("Populating guard snode cache.")
            return SnodeAPI.getRandomSnode().then2 { _ -> Promise<Set<Snode>> in // Just used to populate the snode pool
                var unusedSnodes = SnodeAPI.snodePool.subtracting(reusableGuardSnodes) // Sync on LokiAPI.workQueue
                let reusableGuardSnodeCount = UInt(reusableGuardSnodes.count)
                guard unusedSnodes.count >= (targetGuardSnodeCount - reusableGuardSnodeCount) else { throw Error.insufficientSnodes }
                func getGuardSnode() -> Promise<Snode> {
                    // randomElement() uses the system's default random generator, which is cryptographically secure
                    guard let candidate = unusedSnodes.randomElement() else { return Promise<Snode> { $0.reject(Error.insufficientSnodes) } }
                    unusedSnodes.remove(candidate) // All used snodes should be unique
                    SNLog("Testing guard snode: \(candidate).")
                    // Loop until a reliable guard snode is found
                    return testSnode(candidate).map2 { candidate }.recover(on: DispatchQueue.main) { _ in
                        withDelay(0.1, completionQueue: Threading.workQueue) { getGuardSnode() }
                    }
                }
                let promises = (0..<(targetGuardSnodeCount - reusableGuardSnodeCount)).map { _ in getGuardSnode() }
                return when(fulfilled: promises).map2 { guardSnodes in
                    let guardSnodesAsSet = Set(guardSnodes + reusableGuardSnodes)
                    OnionRequestAPI.guardSnodes = guardSnodesAsSet
                    return guardSnodesAsSet
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /// Builds and returns `targetPathCount` paths. The returned promise errors out with `Error.insufficientSnodes`
    /// if not enough (reliable) snodes are available.
    @discardableResult
    private static func buildPaths(reusing reusablePaths: [Path]) -> Promise<[Path]> {
        SNLog("Building onion request paths.")
        DispatchQueue.main.async {
            NotificationCenter.default.post(name: .buildingPaths, object: nil)
        }
        return SnodeAPI.getRandomSnode().then2 { _ -> Promise<[Path]> in // Just used to populate the snode pool
            let reusableGuardSnodes = reusablePaths.map { $0[0] }
            return getGuardSnodes(reusing: reusableGuardSnodes).map2 { guardSnodes -> [Path] in
                var unusedSnodes = SnodeAPI.snodePool.subtracting(guardSnodes).subtracting(reusablePaths.flatMap { $0 })
                let reusableGuardSnodeCount = UInt(reusableGuardSnodes.count)
                let pathSnodeCount = (targetGuardSnodeCount - reusableGuardSnodeCount) * pathSize - (targetGuardSnodeCount - reusableGuardSnodeCount)
                guard unusedSnodes.count >= pathSnodeCount else { throw Error.insufficientSnodes }
                // Don't test path snodes as this would reveal the user's IP to them
                return guardSnodes.subtracting(reusableGuardSnodes).map { guardSnode in
                    let result = [ guardSnode ] + (0..<(pathSize - 1)).map { _ in
                        // randomElement() uses the system's default random generator, which is cryptographically secure
                        let pathSnode = unusedSnodes.randomElement()! // Safe because of the pathSnodeCount check above
                        unusedSnodes.remove(pathSnode) // All used snodes should be unique
                        return pathSnode
                    }
                    SNLog("Built new onion request path: \(result.prettifiedDescription).")
                    return result
                }
            }.map2 { paths in
                OnionRequestAPI.paths = paths + reusablePaths
                Configuration.shared.storage.with { transaction in
                    SNLog("Persisting onion request paths to database.")
                    Configuration.shared.storage.setOnionRequestPaths(to: paths, using: transaction)
                }
                DispatchQueue.main.async {
                    NotificationCenter.default.post(name: .pathsBuilt, object: nil)
                }
                return paths
            }
        }
    }

    /// Returns a `Path` to be used for building an onion request. Builds new paths as needed.
    private static func getPath(excluding snode: Snode?) -> Promise<Path> {
        guard pathSize >= 1 else { preconditionFailure("Can't build path of size zero.") }
        var paths = OnionRequestAPI.paths
        if paths.isEmpty {
            paths = Configuration.shared.storage.getOnionRequestPaths()
            OnionRequestAPI.paths = paths
            if !paths.isEmpty {
                guardSnodes.formUnion([ paths[0][0] ])
                if paths.count >= 2 {
                    guardSnodes.formUnion([ paths[1][0] ])
                }
            }
        }
        // randomElement() uses the system's default random generator, which is cryptographically secure
        if paths.count >= targetPathCount {
            if let snode = snode {
                return Promise { $0.fulfill(paths.filter { !$0.contains(snode) }.randomElement()!) }
            } else {
                return Promise { $0.fulfill(paths.randomElement()!) }
            }
        } else if !paths.isEmpty {
            if let snode = snode {
                if let path = paths.first(where: { !$0.contains(snode) }) {
                    buildPaths(reusing: paths) // Re-build paths in the background
                    return Promise { $0.fulfill(path) }
                } else {
                    return buildPaths(reusing: paths).map2 { paths in
                        return paths.filter { !$0.contains(snode) }.randomElement()!
                    }
                }
            } else {
                buildPaths(reusing: paths) // Re-build paths in the background
                return Promise { $0.fulfill(paths.randomElement()!) }
            }
        } else {
            return buildPaths(reusing: []).map2 { paths in
                if let snode = snode {
                    return paths.filter { !$0.contains(snode) }.randomElement()!
                } else {
                    return paths.randomElement()!
                }
            }
        }
    }

    private static func dropGuardSnode(_ snode: Snode) {
        guardSnodes = guardSnodes.filter { $0 != snode }
    }

    private static func drop(_ snode: Snode) throws {
        // We repair the path here because we can do it sync. In the case where we drop a whole
        // path we leave the re-building up to getPath(excluding:) because re-building the path
        // in that case is async.
        OnionRequestAPI.snodeFailureCount[snode] = 0
        var oldPaths = paths
        guard let pathIndex = oldPaths.firstIndex(where: { $0.contains(snode) }) else { return }
        var path = oldPaths[pathIndex]
        guard let snodeIndex = path.firstIndex(of: snode) else { return }
        path.remove(at: snodeIndex)
        let unusedSnodes = SnodeAPI.snodePool.subtracting(oldPaths.flatMap { $0 })
        guard !unusedSnodes.isEmpty else { throw Error.insufficientSnodes }
        // randomElement() uses the system's default random generator, which is cryptographically secure
        path.append(unusedSnodes.randomElement()!)
        // Don't test the new snode as this would reveal the user's IP
        oldPaths.remove(at: pathIndex)
        let newPaths = oldPaths + [ path ]
        paths = newPaths
        Configuration.shared.storage.with { transaction in
            SNLog("Persisting onion request paths to database.")
            Configuration.shared.storage.setOnionRequestPaths(to: newPaths, using: transaction)
        }
    }

    private static func drop(_ path: Path) {
        OnionRequestAPI.pathFailureCount[path] = 0
        var paths = OnionRequestAPI.paths
        guard let pathIndex = paths.firstIndex(of: path) else { return }
        paths.remove(at: pathIndex)
        OnionRequestAPI.paths = paths
        Configuration.shared.storage.with { transaction in
            if !paths.isEmpty {
                SNLog("Persisting onion request paths to database.")
                Configuration.shared.storage.setOnionRequestPaths(to: paths, using: transaction)
            } else {
                SNLog("Clearing onion request paths.")
                Configuration.shared.storage.setOnionRequestPaths(to: [], using: transaction)
            }
        }
    }

    /// Builds an onion around `payload` and returns the result.
    private static func buildOnion(around payload: JSON, targetedAt destination: Destination) -> Promise<OnionBuildingResult> {
        var guardSnode: Snode!
        var targetSnodeSymmetricKey: Data! // Needed by invoke(_:on:with:) to decrypt the response sent back by the destination
        var encryptionResult: AESGCM.EncryptionResult!
        var snodeToExclude: Snode?
        if case .snode(let snode) = destination { snodeToExclude = snode }
        return getPath(excluding: snodeToExclude).then2 { path -> Promise<AESGCM.EncryptionResult> in
            guardSnode = path.first!
            // Encrypt in reverse order, i.e. the destination first
            return encrypt(payload, for: destination).then2 { r -> Promise<AESGCM.EncryptionResult> in
                targetSnodeSymmetricKey = r.symmetricKey
                // Recursively encrypt the layers of the onion (again in reverse order)
                encryptionResult = r
                var path = path
                var rhs = destination
                func addLayer() -> Promise<AESGCM.EncryptionResult> {
                    if path.isEmpty {
                        return Promise<AESGCM.EncryptionResult> { $0.fulfill(encryptionResult) }
                    } else {
                        let lhs = Destination.snode(path.removeLast())
                        return OnionRequestAPI.encryptHop(from: lhs, to: rhs, using: encryptionResult).then2 { r -> Promise<AESGCM.EncryptionResult> in
                            encryptionResult = r
                            rhs = lhs
                            return addLayer()
                        }
                    }
                }
                return addLayer()
            }
        }.map2 { _ in (guardSnode, encryptionResult, targetSnodeSymmetricKey) }
    }

    // MARK: Internal API
    /// Sends an onion request to `snode`. Builds new paths as needed.
    internal static func sendOnionRequest(to snode: Snode, invoking method: Snode.Method, with parameters: JSON, associatedWith publicKey: String) -> Promise<JSON> {
        let payload: JSON = [ "method" : method.rawValue, "params" : parameters ]
        return sendOnionRequest(with: payload, to: Destination.snode(snode)).recover2 { error -> Promise<JSON> in
            guard case OnionRequestAPI.Error.httpRequestFailedAtDestination(let statusCode, let json) = error else { throw error }
            throw SnodeAPI.handleError(withStatusCode: statusCode, json: json, forSnode: snode, associatedWith: publicKey) ?? error
        }
    }

    /// Sends an onion request to `server`. Builds new paths as needed.
    internal static func sendOnionRequest(_ request: NSURLRequest, to server: String, using x25519PublicKey: String, isJSONRequired: Bool = true) -> Promise<JSON> {
        var rawHeaders = request.allHTTPHeaderFields ?? [:]
        rawHeaders.removeValue(forKey: "User-Agent")
        var headers: JSON = rawHeaders.mapValues { value in
            switch value.lowercased() {
            case "true": return true
            case "false": return false
            default: return value
            }
        }
        guard let url = request.url?.absoluteString, let host = request.url?.host else { return Promise(error: Error.invalidURL) }
        var endpoint = ""
        if server.count < url.count {
            guard let serverEndIndex = url.range(of: server)?.upperBound else { return Promise(error: Error.invalidURL) }
            let endpointStartIndex = url.index(after: serverEndIndex)
            endpoint = String(url[endpointStartIndex..<url.endIndex])
        }
        let parametersAsString: String
        headers["Content-Type"] = request.allHTTPHeaderFields!["Content-Type"]
        if let parametersAsInputStream = request.httpBodyStream, let parameters = try? Data(from: parametersAsInputStream) {
            parametersAsString = "{ \"fileUpload\" : \"\(String(data: parameters.base64EncodedData(), encoding: .utf8) ?? "null")\" }"
        } else {
            parametersAsString = "null"
        }
        let payload: JSON = [
            "body" : parametersAsString,
            "endpoint" : endpoint,
            "method" : request.httpMethod!,
            "headers" : headers
        ]
        let destination = Destination.server(host: host, x25519PublicKey: x25519PublicKey)
        let promise = sendOnionRequest(with: payload, to: destination, isJSONRequired: isJSONRequired)
        promise.catch2 { error in
            SNLog("Couldn't reach server: \(url) due to error: \(error).")
        }
        return promise
    }

    internal static func sendOnionRequest(with payload: JSON, to destination: Destination, isJSONRequired: Bool = true) -> Promise<JSON> {
        let (promise, seal) = Promise<JSON>.pending()
        var guardSnode: Snode!
        Threading.workQueue.async { // Avoid race conditions on `guardSnodes` and `paths`
            buildOnion(around: payload, targetedAt: destination).done2 { intermediate in
                guardSnode = intermediate.guardSnode
                let url = "\(guardSnode.address):\(guardSnode.port)/onion_req/v2"
                let finalEncryptionResult = intermediate.finalEncryptionResult
                let onion = finalEncryptionResult.ciphertext
                if case Destination.server = destination, Double(onion.count) > 0.75 * Double(maxFileSize) {
                    SNLog("Approaching request size limit: ~\(onion.count) bytes.")
                }
                let parameters: JSON = [
                    "ephemeral_key" : finalEncryptionResult.ephemeralPublicKey.toHexString()
                ]
                let body: Data
                do {
                    body = try encode(ciphertext: onion, json: parameters)
                } catch {
                    return seal.reject(error)
                }
                let destinationSymmetricKey = intermediate.destinationSymmetricKey
                HTTP.execute(.post, url, body: body).done2 { json in
                    guard let base64EncodedIVAndCiphertext = json["result"] as? String,
                        let ivAndCiphertext = Data(base64Encoded: base64EncodedIVAndCiphertext), ivAndCiphertext.count >= AESGCM.ivSize else { return seal.reject(HTTP.Error.invalidJSON) }
                    do {
                        let data = try AESGCM.decrypt(ivAndCiphertext, with: destinationSymmetricKey)
                        guard let json = try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data, options: [ .fragmentsAllowed ]) as? JSON,
                            let statusCode = json["status"] as? Int else { return seal.reject(HTTP.Error.invalidJSON) }
                        if statusCode == 406 { // Clock out of sync
                            SNLog("The user's clock is out of sync with the service node network.")
                            seal.reject(SnodeAPI.Error.clockOutOfSync)
                        } else if let bodyAsString = json["body"] as? String {
                            let body: JSON
                            if !isJSONRequired {
                                body = [ "result" : bodyAsString ]
                            } else {
                                guard let bodyAsData = bodyAsString.data(using: .utf8),
                                let b = try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: bodyAsData, options: [ .fragmentsAllowed ]) as? JSON else { return seal.reject(HTTP.Error.invalidJSON) }
                                body = b
                            }
                            guard 200...299 ~= statusCode else { return seal.reject(Error.httpRequestFailedAtDestination(statusCode: UInt(statusCode), json: body)) }
                            seal.fulfill(body)
                        } else {
                            guard 200...299 ~= statusCode else { return seal.reject(Error.httpRequestFailedAtDestination(statusCode: UInt(statusCode), json: json)) }
                            seal.fulfill(json)
                        }
                    } catch {
                        seal.reject(error)
                    }
                }.catch2 { error in
                    seal.reject(error)
                }
            }.catch2 { error in
                seal.reject(error)
            }
        }
        promise.catch2 { error in // Must be invoked on LokiAPI.workQueue
            guard case HTTP.Error.httpRequestFailed(let statusCode, let json) = error else { return }
            let path = paths.first { $0.contains(guardSnode) }
            func handleUnspecificError() {
                guard let path = path else { return }
                var pathFailureCount = OnionRequestAPI.pathFailureCount[path] ?? 0
                pathFailureCount += 1
                if pathFailureCount >= pathFailureThreshold {
                    dropGuardSnode(guardSnode)
                    path.forEach { snode in
                        SnodeAPI.handleError(withStatusCode: statusCode, json: json, forSnode: snode) // Intentionally don't throw
                    }
                    drop(path)
                } else {
                    OnionRequestAPI.pathFailureCount[path] = pathFailureCount
                }
            }
            let prefix = "Next node not found: "
            if let message = json?["result"] as? String, message.hasPrefix(prefix) {
                let ed25519PublicKey = message[message.index(message.startIndex, offsetBy: prefix.count)..<message.endIndex]
                if let path = path, let snode = path.first(where: { $0.publicKeySet.ed25519Key == ed25519PublicKey }) {
                    var snodeFailureCount = OnionRequestAPI.snodeFailureCount[snode] ?? 0
                    snodeFailureCount += 1
                    if snodeFailureCount >= snodeFailureThreshold {
                        SnodeAPI.handleError(withStatusCode: statusCode, json: json, forSnode: snode) // Intentionally don't throw
                        do {
                            try drop(snode)
                        } catch {
                            handleUnspecificError()
                        }
                    } else {
                        OnionRequestAPI.snodeFailureCount[snode] = snodeFailureCount
                    }
                } else {
                    handleUnspecificError()
                }
            } else if let message = json?["result"] as? String, message == "Loki Server error" {
                // Do nothing
            } else {
                handleUnspecificError()
            }
        }
        return promise
    }
}